Documentos de referência

La notion d’heure repose sur plusieurs bases d’ordres très différents : le point de vue de l’astronomie, avec la succession des jours et des nuits ; les modalités de l’adaptation de notre organisme et de la société aux contraintes du cycle jour-nuit, cycle nycthéméral ; un aspect de pure convention, le découpage du temps en compartiments et leur désignation : la numérotation des heures ; la technique de l’horlogerie, avec ses possibilités et ses progrès ; enfin les règlements de la société, l...

The authors examine the differential influence of time changes associated with Daylight Saving Time on sleep quantity and associated workplace injuries. In Study 1, the authors used a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health database of mining injuries for the years 1983-2006, and they found that in comparison with other days, on Mondays directly following the switch to Daylight Saving Time-in which 1 hr is lost-workers sustain more workplace injuries and injuries of greater severity. In Study 2, the authors used a Bureau of Labor Statistics database of time use for the years 2003-2006, and they found indirect evidence for the mediating role of sleep in the Daylight Saving Time-injuries relationship, showing that on Mondays directly following the switch to Daylight Saving Time, workers sleep on average 40 min less than on other days. On Mondays directly following the switch to Standard Time-in which 1 hr is gained-there are no significant differences in sleep, injury quantity, or injury severity.

According to the hypothesis of circadian disruption, external factors that disturb the function of the circadian system can raise the risk of malignant neoplasm and reduce life span. Recent work has shown that the functionality of the circadian system is dependent not only on latitude of residence but also on the region's position in the time zone. The purpose of the present research was to examine the influence of latitude and time zone on cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and life expectancy at birth. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was carried out on residents of 59 regions of the European part of the Russian Federation (EPRF) using age-standardized parameters (per 100,000) of cancer incidence (CI), cancer mortality (CM), and life expectancy at birth (LE, yrs) as dependent variables. The geographical coordinates (latitude and position in the time zone) of the regions were used as independent variables, controlling for the level of economic development in the regions. The same analysis was carried out for LE in 31 regions in China. Latitude was the strongest predictor of LE in the EPRF population; it explained 48% and 45% of the variability in LE of women and men, respectively. Position within the time zone accounted for an additional 4% and 3% variability of LE in women and men, respectively. The highest values for LE were observed in the southeast of the EPRF. In China, latitude was not a predictor of LE, whereas position in the time zone explained 15% and 18% of the LE variability in women and men, respectively. The highest values of LE were observed in the eastern regions of China. Both latitude and position within the time zone were predictors for CI and CM of the EPRF population. Latitude was the best predictor of stomach CI and CM; this predictor explained 46% and 50% of the variability, respectively. Position within the time zone was the best predictor of female breast CM; it explained 15% of the variability. In most cases, CI and CM increased with increasing latitude of residence, from the eastern to the western border of the time zone, and with increasing level of economic development within the region. The dependence of CI, CM, and LE on the geographical coordinates of residence is in agreement with the hypothesis of circadian disruption. (Author correspondence: borisenkov@physiol.komisc.ru)

Abstract Previous studies indicate that solar clock (daily changes in the Earth’s surface illumination) is a main zeitgeber for human circadian system. It has been shown that human biological clock is weakly adjusted to such changes in social clock as daylight saving time (DST). There are two changes of social clock in Russian Federation: on 25 March 2011, DST has been replaced by permanent DST (DSTp), which was subsequently revoked on 26 October 2014 (non-DSTp). These manipulations with social clock may lead to prolonged disturbances of human circadian system. Our hypothesis is that during period of DSTp, the dissociation between social and biological clocks was greatest as compared with DST and non-DSTp periods. Here, we examine the effects of DSTp on the sleep timing, social jetlag (SJL), academic performance, and winter and summer seasonality of mood and behavior of 10–24-year-old inhabitants of European North of Russia. A cross-sectional retrospective analysis of questionnaire data (n = 7968) was performed using chi squared-test and analysis of covariance. Our findings indicate that SJL (F2,7967 = 31.9; p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.009), and winter pattern of mood seasonality (χ22,7967 = 10.5; p < 0.01) were increased in adolescents during the period of DSTp as compared with DST and non-DSTp periods. The largest increase in SJL was occurred in ages between 10 and 17-year-olds. The finding suggests that increase in SJL can be attributed to a later rise time on free days (F2,7967 = 44.9; p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.012). Similar changes were observed in three subsamples obtained in Syktyvkar, Petrozavodsk, and Vorkuta. Effect sizes of studied relationships were small or very small. The greatest effect sizes (η2 ∼ 0.05) were observed in Arctic city of Vorkuta indicating that in polar region, solar clock is still stronger zeitgeber for human circadian system, than the social clock. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that there is a greatest dissociation between social and biological clocks during the period of DSTp which potentially exerts a negative influence on adolescents’ sleep habits, mood, and behavior. Our data indicate that “non-DSTp” social clock system most suitable for prevention dissociation between social and biological clocks.

Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.

BACKGROUND: Light has powerful effects on mood, sleep, and the circadian system. Humans evolved in an environment with a clear distinction between day and night, but our modern environments have blurred this distinction. Negative effects of light exposure at night have been well characterized. The importance of daytime light exposure has been less well characterized. Here we examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of time spent in daytime outdoor light with mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes.
METHODS: Participants were drawn from the UK Biobank cohort, a large study of UK adults (n = 502,000; 37-73 years old; 54% women).
RESULTS: UK Biobank participants reported spending a median of 2.5 daylight hours (IQR = 1.5-3.5 h) outdoors per day. Each additional hour spent outdoors during the day was associated with lower odds of lifetime major depressive disorder (95% CI OR:0.92-0.98), antidepressant usage (OR:0.92-0.98), less frequent anhedonia (OR:0.93-0.96) and low mood (OR:0.87-0.90), greater happiness (OR:1.41-1.48) and lower neuroticism (incident rate ratio, IRR:0.95-0.96), independent of demographic, lifestyle, and employment covariates. In addition, each hour of daytime light was associated with greater ease of getting up (OR:1.46-1.49), less frequent tiredness (OR:0.80-0.82), fewer insomnia symptoms (OR:0.94-0.97), and earlier chronotype (adjusted odds ratio; OR:0.75-0.77). Auto-Regressive Cross-Lagged (ARCL) models were used to examine the longitudinal association of time spent in outdoor light at baseline with later mood-, sleep- and circadian-related outcomes reported at time point 2. Overall, longitudinal associations support cross-sectional findings, though generally with smaller effect sizes.
LIMITATIONS: Future studies that examine the intensity of daytime light exposure at the ocular level are needed.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that low daytime light exposure is an important environmental risk factor for mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes.

Dans la nuit du samedi 25 au dimanche 26 octobre 2025, nous passerons de 3 heures à 2 heures du matin. Ce sera le passage à l’heure d’hiver. Heure d’été ou heure d’hiver, laquelle est meilleure pour la santé? Nos réponses.

En vue de la disparition, en 2021, du changement d’heure, les chronobiologistes préconisent dans une tribune au « Monde » d’adopter l’heure « standard », qui resynchronise le rythme circadien.

IMPORTANCE: Morning diurnal preference is associated with reduced risk of major depressive disorder (MDD); however, causality in this association is uncertain.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of genetically proxied morning diurnal preference with depression risk using mendelian randomization.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This 2-sample mendelian randomization study used summary-level genetic associations with diurnal preference and MDD. Up to 340 genetic loci associated with diurnal preference in a meta-analysis of the UK Biobank and 23andMe cohorts were considered as genetic proxies for diurnal preference. The effect size of these variants was scaled using genetic associations with accelerometer-based measurement of sleep midpoint. Genetic associations with MDD were obtained from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and UK Biobank. The inverse-variance weighted method was used to estimate the association of genetically proxied morning diurnal preference, corresponding to a 1-hour earlier sleep midpoint, with MDD risk.
EXPOSURES: Morning diurnal preference scaled to a 1-hour earlier, objectively measured sleep midpoint.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Risk of MDD, including self-reported and clinically diagnosed cases, as ascertained in meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies.
RESULTS: A total of 697 828 individuals (all of European ancestry) were in the UK Biobank and 23andMe cohorts; 85 502 in the UK Biobank had measurements of the sleep midpoint. A further 170 756 individuals with MDD and 329 443 control participants (all of European ancestry) were in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and UK Biobank data. Genetically proxied earlier diurnal preference was associated with a 23% lower risk of depression (odds ratio [OR] per 1-hour earlier sleep midpoint, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.63-0.94]; P = .01). This association was similar when restricting analysis to individuals with MDD as stringently defined by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.54-1.00]; P = .05) but not statistically significant when defined by hospital-based billing codes in the UK Biobank (OR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.39-1.06]; P = .08). Sensitivity analyses examining potential bias due to pleiotropy or reverse causality showed similar findings (eg, intercept [SE], 0.00 [0.001]; P = .66 by Egger intercept test).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this mendelian randomization study support a protective association of earlier diurnal preference with risk of MDD and provide estimates contextualized to an objective sleep timing measure. Further investigation in the form of randomized clinical trials may be warranted.

Se lever plus tôt l’été pour économiser des bouts de chandelles, c’est ce que proposait une curieuse lettre anonyme en 1784 dans un quotidien parisien. Son auteur n’était autre que Benjamin Franklin, dont les Français ont découvert l’humour à cette occasion…

The rapid evolution into a 24 h society challenges individuals’ ability to conciliate work schedules and biological needs. Epidemiological research suggests that social and biological time are increasingly drifting apart (“social jetlag”). This study uses a spatial regression discontinuity design to estimate the economic cost of the misalignment between social and biological rhythms arising at the border of a time-zone in the presence of relatively rigid social schedules (e.g., work and school schedules). Exploiting the discontinuity in the timing of natural light at a time-zone boundary, we find that an extra hour of natural light in the evening reduces sleep duration by an average of 19 minutes and increases the likelihood of reporting insufficient sleep. Using data drawn from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Census, we find that the discontinuity in the timing of natural light has significant effects on health outcomes typically associated with circadian rhythms disruptions (e.g., obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and breast cancer) and economic performance (per capita income). We provide a lower bound estimate of the health care costs and productivity losses associated with these effects.

This report examines the economic burden of insufficient sleep across five different OECD countries. Taking into account the association between sleep deprivation and mortality, workplace productivity and skill accumulation, the findings of this study suggest that insufficient sleep can result in large economic costs in terms of lost GDP and lower labour productivity.

On the basis of a traffic analysis made by means of the multiple regression method, it has been shown that the daylight saving time applied in summer months, causes a rise in evening traffic and creates an increase in fuel consumption and hence a higher pollution level in the atmosphere resulting from the products of fuel burning (NOx, volatile organic compounds). It has also been demonstrated — by using the recent version of the US EPA lagrangian EKMA trajectory model — that an increase in primary pollutants and the ‘shifting’ of traffic intensity with respect to sunlight intensity (UV) resulting from the launching of daylight savings time lead to a rise in secondary pollutants, especially in photochemical pollutants: ozone (O3) and peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).

Most Americans now oppose daylight saving time, with support dropping sharply since 1999. Almost half prefer year-round standard time.

Several countries are considering using daylight saving time (DST) as a tool for energy conservation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the United States extended DST in 2007 with the goal of reducing electricity consumption. This paper assesses DST's impact on electricity demand by examining a quasi-experiment in which parts of Australia extended DST in 2000 to facilitate the Sydney Olympics. Using detailed panel data and a difference-in-difference-in-difference framework, we show that the extension did not reduce overall electricity consumption, but did cause a substantial intraday shift in demand consistent with activity patterns that are tied to the clock rather than sunrise and sunset.

The history of Daylight Saving Time (DST) has been long and controversial. Throughout its implementation during World Wars I and II, the oil embargo of the 1970s, consistent practice today, and recent extensions, the primary rationale for DST has always been to promote energy conservation. Nevertheless, there is surprisingly little evidence that DST actually saves energy. This paper takes advantage of a natural experiment in the state of Indiana to provide the first empirical estimates of DST effects on electricity consumption in the United States since the mid-1970s. Focusing on residential electricity demand, we conduct the first-ever study that uses micro-data on households to estimate an overall DST effect. The dataset consists of more than 7 million observations on monthly billing data for the vast majority of households in southern Indiana for three years. <span style="background-color: #FFFF00">Our main finding is that – contrary to the policy's intent – DST increases residential electricity demand. Estimates of the overall increase are approximately 1 percent, but we find that the effect is not constant throughout the DST period. DST causes the greatest increase in electricity consumption in the fall, when estimates range between 2 and 4 percent. </span>These findings are consistent with simulation results that point to a tradeoff between reducing demand for lighting and increasing demand for heating and cooling. We estimate a cost of increased electricity bills to Indiana households of 9 million per year. We also estimate social costs of increased pollution emissions that range from 1.7 to $5.5 million per year. Finally, we argue that the effect is likely to be even stronger in other regions of the United States.

A retrouver

Période de consultation : du 4 février au 3 mars 2019 Origine : Commission des affaires européennes Accéder à la page de la commission

Background:
Increasing evidence suggests that conditions with decreased morning and increased evening light exposure, including shift work, daylight-saving time, and eveningness, are associated with elevated mortality and suicide risk. Given that the alignment between the astronomical, biological, and social time varies across a time zone, with later-shifted daylight exposure in the western partition, we hypothesized that western time zone partitions would have higher suicide rates than eastern partitions.

Methods:
United States (U.S.) county-level suicide and demographic data, from 2010–2018, were obtained from a Centers for Disease Control database. Using longitude and latitude, counties were sorted into the western, middle, or eastern partition of their respective time zones, as well as the northern and southern halves of the U.S. Linear regressions were used to estimate the associations between suicide rates and time zone partitions, adjusting for gender, race, ethnicity, age group, and unemployment rates.

Results:
Data were available for 2,872 counties. Across the U.S., western partitions had statistically significantly higher rates of suicide compared to eastern partitions and averaged up to two additional yearly deaths per 100,000 people (p < .001).

Limitations:
Ecological design and limited adjustment for socioeconomic factors.

Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this is the first study of the relationship between longitude-based time zone partitions and suicide. The results were consistent with the hypothesized elevated suicide rates in the western partitions, and concordant with previous reports on cancer mortality and transportation fatalities. The next step is to retest the hypothesis with individual-level data, accounting for latitude, photoperiodic changes, daylight-saving time, geoclimatic variables, physical and mental health indicators, as well socioeconomic adversity and protection.

Local and national governments around the world are currently considering the elimination of the annual switch to and from Daylight Saving Time (DST). As an international organization of scientists dedicated to studying circadian and other biological rhythms, the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) engaged experts in the field to write a Position Paper on the consequences of choosing to live on DST or Standard Time (ST). The authors take the position that, based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently. Four peer reviewers provided expert critiques of the initial submission, and the SRBR Executive Board approved the revised manuscript as a Position Paper to help educate the public in their evaluation of current legislative actions to end DST.

Marc Ferracci, ministre chargé de l’Industrie et de l’Énergie, a lancé le 7 mars 2025 la consultation finale du public sur la troisième édition du projet de Programmation pluriannuelle de l’énergie (PPE 3). La nouvelle version de la PPE 3, qui intègre de nouveaux éléments concernant notamment l’électricité, la flexibilité et les projets photovoltaïques, doit […]

Les variations dans le temps de la mortalité par suicide en France, de 1950 à 1990, recouvrent des évolutions différenciées selon le sexe et l'âge. L'approche transversale généralement privilégiée est complétée et enrichie ici par une approche longitudinale; cela permet en particulier la mise en évidence de l'accroissement constant de la suicidité aux âges jeunes dans les générations nées aprés la deuxième guerre mondiale par rapport au comportement relativement homogène de celles nées auparavant. L'accroissement du suicide enregistré chez les jeunes dans les années 1960 s'est ensuite généralisé à tous les âges de 1976 au milieu des années 1980 où est intervenu un renversement de tendance significatif dans toutes les générations. La recherche explicative passe dans un premier temps par une discussion sur la mise en évidence possible d'effets de génération et d'effets de période, au-delà des effets d'âge bien connus. En particulier, la rupture paradoxale et mal connue du milieu des années 1980 paraît bien caractériser un effet de période. Les hypothèses retenues pouvant expliquer cette rupture se fondent, d'une part, sur une reconstitution du lien social et plus spécifiquement sur un renforcement du lien familial ou de parenté, "bousculé" depuis les années 1960, et, d'autre part, sur une adaptation progressive et en partie médicalisée, voire psychiatrisée pour les personnes les plus fragiles, aux nouvelles "donnes" sociales et économiques (chômage massif, précarité de l'emploi, marginalisation et exclusion quasi-institutionnalisées, inégalités sociales croissantes, exclusion précoce du monde du travail, etc.). /// Between 1950 and 1990 movements in the suicide rate differed by sex, age, and period. In particular, suicide by young people increases steadily after World War II. The higher suicide rate recorded during the 1960s spread to all age group between 1976 and the middle 1980s, when the trend was reversed in all generations. The unexpected and poorly documented break during the mid 1980s appears to be a period effect. Hypothetical explanations for these movements have suggested a renewal of social bonds, and more specifically a strenghtening of family ties which had been under strain since the 1960s, improvements in medical and psychiatric services for the most vulnerable and changed social and economic conditions, e.g. massive unemployment, insecurity, greater social inequalities and early exclusion from the labour market. /// Las variaciones de la mortalidad por suicidio en Francia entre 1950 y 1990 ocultan evoluciones muy diferenciadas según el sexo y la edad. El artículo completa y enriquece el generalmente privilegiado análisis transversal con un análisis longitudinal. Este permite constatar el aumento constante de la tendencia al sucidio en edades jóvenes entre las generaciones nacidas después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que contrasta con el comportamiento relativamente homogéneo de las generaciones nacidas antes de la guerra. El aumento del suicidio registrado entre los jóvenes en los años sesenta se generalizó a todas las edades desde 1976 hasta la mitad de los ochenta, momento en el que se observa un cambio de tendencia significativo para todas las generaciones. Un intento de explicación debe iniciarse con una discusión sobre la distinción entre los efectos de generación y los efectos de periodo, dejando de lado los mejor conocidos efectos de la edad. Concretamente, la paradójica y mal conocida ruptura observada desde la segunda mitad de los años ochenta parece reflejar un efecto de periodo. Las hipótesis propuestas para explicar tal ruptura se basan, por una parte, en la reconstitución de los vínculos sociales y más específicamente en el refortalecimiento de los vínculos familiares o de parentesco, debilitados desde los años sesenta, y, por otra parte, en la adaptación progresiva, en parte a través de la ayuda médica, y especialmente psiquiátrica, de las personas más vulnerables a los nuevos fenómenos sociales y económicos (paro masivo, precariedad del empleo, marginalización y exclusión semi-institucionalizadas, desigualdades sociales crecientes, exclusión precoz del mundo del trabajo, etc.).

extrait: ACCÉLÉRER LA RÉDUCTION DE NOS ÉMISSIONS DE GAZ À EFFET DE SERRE
La SNBC 3 doit tracer le chemin vers l’atteinte d’une réduction de 50 % de nos émissions brutes
de gaz à effet de serre en 2030 par rapport à 1990 et la neutralité carbone en 2050.
L’atteinte de l’objectif de 2030 implique de réduire d’environ 126 Mt nos émissions entre 2022 et
2030. Cet objectif est considérable :entre 1990 et 2022, nos émissions ont été réduites de 144
Mt.Cette accélération impose des efforts de tous et des transformations dans tous les secteurs
de notre économie

TRADUCTION FRANÇAISE PAR L'ACHED
Lettre adressée en octobre 2018 à la Commission de l’Union
Européenne de la part de EBRS
(European Biological Rhythm Society - Société Européenne des
Rythmes Biologiques)
La chronobiologie étudie l’influence des rythmes diurnes et nocturnes et des
changements saisonniers sur les organismes vivants (et a reçu le prix Nobel
2017 pour ces découvertes). En tant qu'experts en horloges biologiques et
sommeil, nous avons suivi l'initiative de la Commission européenne
d'abandonner les changements d'heure annuels au printemps et en
automne dans l'UE. Nous voudrions souligner que les preuves scientifiques
actuellement disponibles indiquent que l’installation d’une heure normale
permanente (aussi appelée ST, Standard Time ou «heure d’hiver») est la
meilleure option pour la santé publique.
Avec ST, l'exposition à la lumière du matin sera plus importante en hiver et
sera moindre à la lumière du soir en été. Cela synchronisera mieux l'horloge
biologique et les gens dormiront plus tôt par rapport à leur temps de travail
et à l'école (1). La sensation de “décalage horaire”chronique, ( “jetlag
social”) sera réduite par rapport à l'heure avancée, le corps fonctionnera
mieux et les performances mentales s'amélioreront. Tout au long de l’année,
on sera en meilleure santé avec ST plutôt qu’avec l’heure d’été. ST améliore
notre sommeil (1) et sera plus saine pour notre coeur (2) et notre poids (3).
L'incidence du cancer diminuera (4), en plus de réduire la consommation
d'alcool et de tabac (5). Les gens seront psychologiquement en meilleure
santé (6) et les résultats scolaires et professionnels s'amélioreront (7).
L'abandon des changements d'heure offrira la possibilité unique à l'échelle
nationale d'améliorer l'état de santé général en installant l'heure normale.
Nous serions heureux d’expliquer nos conseils plus en détail, au besoin.
Sincères salutations, Société Européenne des Rythmes Biologiques

EU summer-time arrangements under Directive 2000/84/EC: Ex-post Impact Assessment

Rapport rédigé par la présidente de l'ACHED -
Ce rapport, rédigé  en novembre 2012, était destiné à être présenté aux conseillers de la Présidence de la République. Il a effectivement été remis directement à
l'Elysée peu de temps après. Vous le trouverez ci-dessous in extenso.
La soixantaine de ...

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/seasonal-time-changes/

Les auteurs du rapport confirment que 2024 est probablement la première année civile où la température moyenne mondiale dépasse de plus de 1,5 degré Celsius (°C) les valeurs préindustrielles, avec une température moyenne à la surface du globe supérieure de 1,55 ± 0,13 °C à la moyenne de la période 1850-1900. L’année 2024 décroche la première place des années les plus chaudes jamais observées en 175 ans.Les conclusions du rapport phare de l’OMM sont les suivantes:

Le passage à l'heure d'été a lieu dimanche 30 mars 2025 à 2 heures du matin (il faudra alors ajouter 60 minutes à l'heure légale, il sera donc 3 heures du matin). Le changement d'heure est en vigueur en France hexagonale depuis 1976. |

TRIBUNE. Après la convention citoyenne sur la fin de vie, qui a clos ses travaux le 27 avril, le flou persiste toujours sur le lien entre la délibération menée à cette occasion et la décision politique, estiment les politistes Guillaume Gourgues et Alice Mazeaud dans une tribune au « Monde ».

#changementdheure #heuredhiver le choix est clair. Que nos élus comprennent et agissent

Une enquête d’opinion a été menée après de 2.000 Belges.

Les nuits des Français ont perdu entre 1 heure et 1 h 30 en 50 ans, selon le baromètre de Santé publique France. L’omniprésence des smartphones et des écrans, mais aussi le bruit, expliquent entre autres ce phénomène.

L’Assemblée nationale propose aux Français de donner leur avis sur la fin du changement d’heure suggérée par la Commission européenne. Mais les modalités pratiques de cette consultation entachent sa crédibilité.

Directive 2000/84/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 janvier 2001 concernant les dispositions relatives à l'heure d'été

Berlin (ots) - Entgegen der Annahmen der Bundesregierung und der EU-Studie zur Zeitumstellung wünschen sich die Deutschen keinesfalls mehrheitlich die Einführung einer...

Alors que la France passe peut-être à l’heure d’hiver pour la dernière fois, des voix s’élèvent pour qu’elle garde cet horaire une bonne fois pour toutes l’an prochain. Même s’il semble qu’une majorité…

Packed with evidence-based strategies, Atomic Habits will teach you how to make small changes that will transform your habits and deliver amazing results.

Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne Youtube :    / emmanuelmacron  

Pour suivre mon action chaque jour :

Témoignage - « [...] Les heures d’été font beaucoup de victimes dans l’ensemble de la population, surtout en raison du...

The vast country also moves from nine to 11 time zones.

Losing just an hour of sleep could pose some dangerous consequences for those in hazardous work environments such as mining.

Non trouvé INSEE (1974) – Enquête emploi du temps (France entière)